With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). 2. Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. Study designs Centre for Evidence-Based - University of Oxford Secondly, response rate is low in this research. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . 1992 also saw the rise of an increased participation of women in Congress, particularly Democratic women, and this number has increased steadily over the years. There isnt enough research on the subject, with our world Under PR fewer votes are wasted as more peoples preferences are taken into account. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. The changing nature of European equality regimes. Proportional Representations Pros and Cons | APECSEC.org Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. All names, acronyms, logos and trademarks displayed on this website are those of their respective owners. Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. Top Advantages & Disadvantages of Reservation System in India Showing Comparison with Pros and Cons PowerPoint Diagrams The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Should representatives be typical of their constituents? As countries become more and more divers, they are looking for better understanding on descriptive representation and the driving force in regards to the minorities within their nation state. While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. London: Palgrave Macmillan. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Cornell, D. (1995). Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. Like Mink, many other women sought and won political office, many with the help of the NWPC. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Aldershot: Ashgate. representation in the U.S. House of Representatives Advantages of Proportional Representation The main advantage of PR is that it makes sure that all the views of the public are represented. The debate about whether grades help or hinder student learning is as old as the U.S. grading system itself, dating back to the late 1800s. Estlund, D. (2008). Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons 6. These are part of business analytics, which extract value from your business data. Phillips, A. Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. Should Congress Look Like America? Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Descriptive statistics is a form of analysis that helps you by describing, summarizing, or showing data in a meaningful way. Women in Parliaments: Descriptive and Substantive Representation Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. Mart, J. L. (2006). Founding members of the CBC include John Conyers (D-MI), currently the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives, Charles Rangel (D-NY), and Shirley Chisholm, a founder of the NWPC and the first African American woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. Of course, descriptive representation is not logically necessary to promote minority interests. The pros and cons of descriptive research analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. It is also known as the linear sequential model. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. From Your Site Articles Because Of Modern Feminism Disney Princess Gender Roles Are . Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. PDF A Study of Strengths and Weaknesses of Descriptive Assessment from - ed Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies | by AlainChabrier | IBM Data Science in Practice | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our. (Eds.). This advantage makes it possible to determine if outcomes are viable. This helps to avoid wastage of time. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. In J. Klausen & C. Maier (Eds. Galligan, Y. What Are the Advantages of Qualitative Research? Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, Proportional representation, sometimes called simply "PR," is defined as an "electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them." This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). both quantitative and qualitative research. ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Descriptive Representation In The United States - 461 Words | Bartleby 3. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Does Grading Matter In College? - TheBestSchools.org This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. doughty funeral home exmore, virginia obituaries, Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, radisson blu resort residences punta cana, largest man made lake in the world by surface area, is rosemary oil safe for color treated hair, tarrant county democratic party precinct chairs. The affirmative action controversy. Grofman, B. Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. The Limits of Descriptive Representation Current Affairs It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Youve probably heard readers make that comment. Defending equality of outcome. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. Democratic legitimacy. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. The pros of mixed-member proportional representation In K. Ross (Ed. In Y. Galligan (Ed. The simplest example of this point, which is critical for an understanding of how languages function as representational systems, is the famous traffic lights example. Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. Swain, C. M. (1993). (eds) Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. Fraser, N. (2013). Young, I. M. (1994). (1995). Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. (2014). Google Scholar. 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This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Pennock, J. R. (1979). The Pros and Cons of Writing Description - Helping Writers Become Authors Minorities have endured many forms of social injustices. Bicameral legislature emanates from the concept of representative democracy. (DOC) Discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as Get full access to this article. It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. The rapid increase in the minority population has led to some backlash and challenges for law, Descriptive Representation In The United States, Descriptive representation has been on the rise for some time. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. Collecting the data from different different organizations in the specific forms of data collection. (2001). The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Goodin, R. 2004. Economics and Philosophy, 11, 2556. For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. Multicultural citizenship. Prescriptive analytics offers decision support for the best course of action to get desired results. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. Rawls, J. Return to Figure. Lovenduski, J. Political Therorists, Parliamentarians and the Meaning of Unequal Representation. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Main Research Question. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. However, they also have some cons, such as low sound quality and low battery life. When it comes to confidentiality, some respondents won't give answers to questionnaires and interviews. What is Descriptive Analysis?- Types and Advantages - Analytics Steps The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. Descriptive Research | A Systematic Search Method New York: Verso. This leaves lasting impacts, not only emotionally, but mentally and psychologically as well. This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. 3. Towards a European union gender equality index. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. London: Routledge. While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. Descriptive Representation and Political Efficacy: Evidence from Obama Nothing bores me faster than description.. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. Berkeley: University of California Press. The NWPC was formed by Bella Abzug, Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, and other leading feminists to encourage womens participation in political parties, elect women to office, and raise money for their campaigns. NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. Oxford: Polity Press. Affordable. Mansbridge, J. Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. 2. The concept of representation. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London, eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0). Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. CrossRef When nondescriptive representatives have, for various reasons, greater SDLC models might have a different approach but the basic phases and activity remain the same for all the models. Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. (1993). Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. London: Sage. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. Kymlicka, W. (1993). Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. The 113th Congress, has twenty-eight Hispanic U.S. 38 E Locust St, Mechanicsburg, Pa, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mansbridge, J. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. New York: Oxford University Press. PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages Government American Congress Congressional Representation. A., & Marmor, T. R. (1981). Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. Growing up, racial profiling was never a big deal to me or my family. As graphical representations are exhibited through numerical figures, tables, or graphs, it usually involves fewer errors and mistakes. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature.