His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. that the material was genuinely picky. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? translator of the Rajataragini. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. Abstract. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. It is by late Vidwan T.K. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. After that, the English translation. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. The Loharas ruled for many generations. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Verse 12. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. epic poem [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. Kalhana was a poet. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. Verse 11. . . [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The relative . The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Made king by the minister Shura. They cannot be abusive or personal. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Translation of " " into Persian . Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. Sussala's son. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Verse 14. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. Murdered by Radda. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). After his death, the queen committed. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. section. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). Verse 13. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. Nephew of Didda. All rights reserved. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. You can try more lenient search to get some results. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. In 1380 C.E. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. Established the city of. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. Son of Ajitapida. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Verse 12. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. 0 0 Similar questions He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Gave lands to Brahmins. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Request Permissions. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. After ruling indirectly and directly. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king.