The reduction in radiative forcing from albedo alone is equivalent to a carbon emissions reduction of , which is six times larger than the annual biogeochemical effects that arise from offsetting fossil fuel use. At the ecosystem level, timing of canopy greenness mirrored the flowering phenology of the grasses, which dominate primary production in this system. The mechanistic trait-based model, which simulated ecological niches of NOB types consistent with previous ecophysiological reports, helped predicting the observed effects of global change on NOB and elucidating the underlying biotic and abiotic controls. These observations indicate that under conditions where the PAR-dependent system is driven by high intensity red light, the blue light-dependent system has an additive effect on stomatal conductance.The wavelength dependence of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance demonstrates that these processes are not obligatorily coupled and can be controlled by light, independent of prevailing levels of intercellular CO(2). This study demonstrated plant species- and soil fertility-dependent shifts in below-ground plant resource allocation to different morpho-groups of fungal symbionts. Supplemental precipitation led to increases in shoot production and offsetting decreases in root production. 2. Oscillations in triose-phosphate levels were out of phase with those observed for RuBP and PGA.Net carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance to water vapor oscillated repeatedly in red kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., plants transferred from a natural photoperiod to constant light. Elevated CO2 led to lower leaf-level stomatal conductance and transpiration (approximately 50%) and higher mid-day leaf water potentials (30-35%) in the most abundant species of the grassland, Avena barbata Brot. Also, orchards and vineyards increased in area from 0.7 x 10(6) ha to 1.0 x 10(6) ha, displacing field crops and sequestering woody carbon. Increased nitrogen deposition significantly altered the structure of the ammonia-oxidizing community, consistently shifting the community toward dominance by bacteria most closely related to Nitrosospira sp. Hence, we examined the possibility of circadian effects on RuBP regeneration. CO2-induced increases in lignin within functional groups also were counteracted by an increase in the relative biomass of forbs, which contained less lignin than grasses. Here we show suppression of microbial decomposition in an annual grassland after continuous exposure to increased CO2 for five growing seasons. Over the last 20 years, these parameterizations have evolved from simple, unrealistic schemes into credible representations of the global soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer system as advances in plant physiological and hydrological research, advances in satellite data interpretation, and the results of large-scale field experiments have been exploited. A., Collatz, G. J., Denning, A. S., Mooney, H. A., Nobre, C. A., Sato, N., Field, C. B., Henderson-Sellers, A.Modeling the Exchanges of Energy, Water, and Carbon Between Continents and the AtmosphereSellers, P. J., Dickinson, R. E., Randall, D. A., Betts, A. K., Hall, F. G., Berry, J. This study suggests that other factors such as litter moisture, whether or not litter is on the ground, and biomass allocation among roots and shoots, are likely to be more important in this California grassland ecosystem. Global emissions growth since 2000 was driven by a cessation or reversal of earlier declining trends in the energy intensity of gross domestic product (GDP) (energy/GDP) and the carbon intensity of energy (emissions/energy), coupled with continuing increases in population and per-capita GDP.
A., Asner, G. P., Kasischke, E. S., French, N. H., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., Stocks, B. J., Tucker, C. J., Los, S. O., Field, C. B.Arbuscular mycorrhizae respond to plants exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 as a function of soil depthAdditive effects of simulated climate changes, elevated CO2, and nitrogen deposition on grassland diversityZavaleta, E. S., Shaw, M. R., Chiariello, N. R., Mooney, H. A., Field, C. B.Temporal evolution of the European forest sector carbon sink from 1950 to 1999Nabuurs, G. J., Schelhaas, M. J., Mohren, G. M., Field, C. B.Environmental control of leaf area production: Implications for vegetation and land-surface modelingElement interactions and the cycles of life: An overviewOllinger, S., Sala, O., AGREN, G. I., Berg, B., Davidson, E., Field, C. B., Lerdau, M. T., Neff, J., Scholes, M., Sterner, R.Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sitesWilson, K. B., Baldocchi, D. D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Dolman, H., Falge, E., Field, C., Goldstein, A., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Halldor, T., Hollinger, D., Katul, G., Law, B. E., Lindroth, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson, R., Oechel, W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wofsy, S.Grassland responses to global environmental changes suppressed by elevated CO2Shaw, M. R., Zavaleta, E. S., Chiariello, N. R., Cleland, E. E., Mooney, H. A., Field, C. B.Wilson, K., Goldstein, A., Falge, E., Aubinet, M., Baldocchi, D., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Ceulemans, R., Dolman, H., Field, C., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Law, B. E., Kowalski, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson, R., Oechel, W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Verma, S.Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation and regrowth based on satellite observations for the 1980s and 1990sDeFries, R. S., Houghton, R. A., Hansen, M. C., Field, C. B., Skole, D., Townshend, J.Root production and demography in a california annual grassland under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxideHiggins, P. A., Jackson, R. B., Des Rosiers, J. M., Field, C. B.Satellite estimates of productivity and light use efficiency in United States agriculture, 1982-98Lobell, D. B., Hicke, J.